are santa's reindeer male or female
Most people can name at least some of Santa's reindeer. So traditionally, when you've got reindeer with antlers at the end of December, those would all be female. If these were normal reindeer, the males would lose their antlers shortly before Christmas which is at odds with our view of antlered reindeer pulling the sleigh. Large bucks begin developing antlers in March. It's all about the antlers, apparently. Santa's Reindeer are Female! However, the perennial bit of Christmas humor quoted above offers physiological evidence — specifically, the presence of antlers — demonstrating that Santa’s reindeer are actually all female… Yep, these are Santa's reindeer. Text us for exclusive photos and videos, royal news, and way more. … Reindeer with antlers during the winter are female. This vision ability will come in handy in the winter, said researchers who published a review of reindeer research in the journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015, as the sun is low on the horizon during Christmas season with lots of light scattering from the atmosphere. If you would like to opt out of browser push notifications, please refer to the following instructions specific to your device and browser: Who Runs the Sleigh? It originates from Old Norse, an old North Germanic language. In poetic lore, Santa came with male deer. These antlered deer (Rangifer tarandus) are used to the cold. Science Says Santa's Reindeer Are Actually All Female. Scientists consider reindeer and caribou the same species. A Nova Scotia scientist said both male and female reindeer have antlers. While all reindeer would be equipped for an Arctic journey, though a flightless one, females might have the edge over their male counterparts. I don't know about you, but if a flying reindeer, whether male or female, landed on my roof (in the real world) than I would be quite frightened. Greg Findstad, manager of the Reindeer Research Programat the University of Alaska Fairbanks, shares that … Future US, Inc. 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor, B) Probably female. , Since Santa Claus treats every living thing with equal respect, when Santa picks out reindeer, he doesn’t pay attention to their gender or sex. Santa’s reindeer are female? Click To Tweet. YOU GO, GIRLS!! A) Definitely female. They live in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia and Russia, where they graze on tundra plants. Santa’s reindeer have been depicted as males throughout the media but science proves that these depictions are in fact wrong. While all reindeer would be equipped for an Arctic journey, though a flightless one, females might have the edge over their male counterparts. This is true. Girls! But do you know if Blitzen, Prancer and the rest are male or female? Credit: In addition, reindeer eyes are equipped with a reflective tissue behind the retina that reflects light back through the retina, enhancing night vision, said researchers in 2013 who found this layer of tissue changes color through the seasons. That’s right, Rudolph (or is it really Rudy? Male or Female? Thank you for signing up to Live Science. Last time I checked, Santa and his reindeer were in the "imaginary Christmas world." Sorry, Rudolph. Plus Blitzen is the dad of Rudolph. Santa’s reindeer are typically depicted with antlers. LUBBOCK, Texas – There may be a perfectly good reason why Santa doesn't get lost on his annual Christmas globetrot: His flying reindeer just might be female … And which ones are female, and which ones are male.? Female reindeer are named as bulls, males are called cows and babies are calves. The fat, which can be a couple of inches thick on their rumps, keeps the reindeer toasty in temperatures as low as minus 45 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 43 degrees Celsius). Plus, their circulatory systems keep the cooler blood in the reindeer's limbs from drawing heat from the warm blood in their core body. “The Night Before Christmas”) — as well as the infamous red-nosed celebrity of song and screen, Rudolph, are commonly thought of and referred to as males in pop culture. Rudolph the red nosed reindeer is actually female, scientists have said. You will receive a verification email shortly. This is because male reindeer shed antlers in November before Christmas Eve. Male reindeer generally shed their antlers long before December 25, whereas the females retain theirs until at least January. In traditional Christmas legend, Santa Claus's reindeer pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to good children on Christmas Eve. But for you patriarchy purists, there is technically one rather severe medical way that Santa’s squad could still be male and have their antlers. ! A Christmas miracle Yep, that includes the most-famous reindeer of all -- Rudolph. The information comes from the Alaska Dept of Fish And Game. It's the Christmas season, which means we'll be hearing those eight names that only come around this time of year -- Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen. Since Christmas time is at the end of the month, December 25th, and Santa’s reindeer HAS antlers at that time; then they all must be female! The light that hits our eyes is mainly blueish and ultraviolet, the researchers said. Rudolph, first referred to in the 1949 Johnny Marks classic song about "Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer" clearly has a male name. But according to science, Christmas carolers and holiday hangers-on have had it all wrong all along. This trait might help you to pinpoint the animal’s gender. But only the females have antlers in the winter. “Reindeer” is to “caribou,” as “donkey” is to “ass.” They are … New York, Males shed theirs before mid-December. Besides, of the 40 various species of deer on Earth, only the reindeer species features females with antlers. The other thing to mention, the antlers of male reindeer fall off in early winter, while the antlers of female reindeer don't fall off until the summer. The first written account of Santa Claus having reindeer was in 1821, and since then most people have assumed the reindeer were male – but a scientist says those people would be wrong. Stay up to date on the coronavirus outbreak by signing up to our newsletter today. Around the time of winter we assume Santa makes his journey, male reindeer carry very little body fat — around 5 percent, in fact. Ok, so this fact encompasses all reindeer forms – male, female, bigender, androgyne, etc. In fact, all of the reindeer who pull Santa's sleigh are likely female, according to a Texas A&M University veterinary professor. Then there’s Rudolph, also a female. 0 2. tricia. The first written account of Santa Claus having reindeer was in 1821, and since then most people have assumed the reindeer were male — but a scientist says those people would be wrong. Santa, turns out, did some savvy hiring of his prancing parade. Please refresh the page and try again. The first written account of Santa Claus having reindeer was in 1821, and since then most people have assumed the reindeer were male – but a scientist says those people would be wrong. So it must be female as in reindeer … Boom. A science article in The Guardian by Kathryn Harkup reveals that reindeer noses are filled with folds full of blood vessel that warm the frigid air as they breath in and retain water vapor as they breath out. Just a thought. ESPN star breaks down talking about racial injustice. Santa's Reindeer are Female! By the time winter rolls around, male reindeer aren’t just without their horns, but are also usually much less nourished and fattened than the females. All are boys cause male reindeer are stronger than female reindeer to pull the sleigh. Get push notifications with news, features and more. Surprise! Female reindeer, however, enter winter with about 50 percent body fat, making them "seals on hooves," Barboza said. However scientifically Santa’s are female reindeer. In other deer, only the males grow them. [Album: Animals' Dazzling Headgear]. A male reindeer’s transformation from July to August. What are Santas Reindeer Names.? The first written account of Santa Claus having reindeer was in 1821, and since then most people have assumed the reindeer were male — but a scientist says those people would be wrong. Experts have stated that his reindeer are female as male reindeer lose their antlers in early December when mating season has ended, whilst female reindeer keep theirs throughout winter. That’s right, Rudolph (or is it really Rudy? Reindeer and caribou are the only deer species that produce antlers across age and gender. The first written account of Santa Claus having reindeer was in 1821, and since then most people have assumed the reindeer were male — but a scientist says those people would be wrong. The first written account of Santa Claus having reindeer was in 1821, and since then most people have assumed the reindeer were male — but a scientist says those people would be wrong. So it must be female as in reindeer … December 15, 2009 00Sparkles 3 Big Elf Welcome! In poetic lore, Santa came with male deer. Male reindeer also lose … Santa’s reindeer have antlers which means they cannot be male. "Rudolph could be a castrated male, or a female… The first written account of Santa Claus having reindeer was in 1821, and since then most people have assumed the reindeer were male — but a scientist says those people would be wrong. male reindeer lose their antlers in winter and females don't therefore santa's sleigh is actually pulled by a team of strong, powerful, underrated women!!!!! Female reindeer are better insulated for the trip. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. There’s more to it than just the antlers. While not confirming that Santa may only have had female reindeer, they do confirm that the nine flying reindeer must have been female. The standard number of Santa’s reindeer are known to be eight(at least, the most famous ones), however, there is a ninth and even a tenth reindeer. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, while both male and female reindeer grow antlers in the summer each year, male reindeer drop their antlers at the beginning of winter, usually late November to mid-December.Female reindeer retain their antlers till after they give birth in the spring. Female reindeer retain their antlers til after they give birth in the spring. Coyote Ugly Turns 20: Where Is the Cast Now? Girls! Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer you'll go down in herstory!. Here's why: Here on the ground, male reindeer shed their antlers at the end of the mating season in early December, while females sport their thinner antlers throughout the winter. December 15, 2009 00Sparkles 3 Big Elf Welcome! “They have their mating season in autumn when they use their antlers to fight, but once it finishes they cast them … I just wanted to remind people that it is never quite so straightforward, and even females develop weapons when it comes to the real world of seasonal breeding.”. Our Santa’s reindeer female. These arguments maybe don't hold true for Santa's … However, it shows that Santa knew what he was doing when he assembled his A-team. Santa 's reindeer are all girls. The additional weight gives them a couple extra inches of thick fat on their hindquarters, which helps keep them warm in temperatures as low as -45 degrees Fahrenheit. The first written account of Santa Claus having reindeer was in 1821, and since then most people have assumed the reindeer were male — but a scientist says those people would be wrong. “Male reindeer actually cast their antlers before Christmas, so they don’t have any antlers at Christmastime,” says Lincoln. C) It's a mixed herd. Prancer: He is really kind, sweet and sure of himself. You'll get the latest updates on this topic in your browser notifications. Male and Female Reindeer. Male reindeer shed their antlers at the end of mating season–around the beginning of December. You may not exactly remember when you stopped believing in Santa Claus, but you were probably today years old when you found out all of Saint Nick’s reindeer are gals, reported People. Santa’s reindeer have antlers which means they cannot be male. Female reindeer, however, retain their antlers until after they give birth in the spring. yes both have anterlers because they are the only deers to have the jean in both child for anterlers and yes santa has both female and male reindeer have it. Santa was smart about choosing his sleigh-pullers. Reindeer Fun Fact: Now back to the question of Santa’s Reindeers gender, Live Science tells us that only male reindeer shed their antlers in the early days of December. Visit our corporate site. Edinburgh University professors Gerald Lincoln and David Baird tell the U.K.’s Telegraph that Santa’s reindeer can’t be male for one simple reason: Only female reindeer still have antlers at Christmas; the males of the species shed their headgear before mid-December. This is true. Science Says Santa's Reindeer Are Actually All Female Keep making dreams come true, mommies! Livescience.com states, “male reindeer shed their antlers at the end of the mating season in early December, while females sport their thinner antlers throughout the winter.” So it is impossible that these antlered legends could be male. 'Adult male reindeer will lose their antlers in early December, so we are certain, scientifically speaking, Santa’s reindeer aren’t adult males. But there's a new revelation surrounding them: Contrary to popular (patriarchal) belief, they're actually all female reindeer. I SEE YOU!! Nickelodeon removes series amid social media backlash. The original eight — first introduced in the 1823 poem “A Visit from St. Nicholas” (a.k.a. It seems males shred for Christmas, getting down to as low as five percent body fat. Nick is quite right, they all are. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, while both male and female reindeer grow antlers in the summer each year, male reindeer drop their antlers at the beginning of winter, usually late November to mid-December.Female reindeer retain their antlers till after they give birth in the spring. , Since Santa Claus treats every living thing with equal respect, when Santa picks out reindeer, he doesn’t pay attention to their gender or sex. Female Reindeer names. Sounds like Rudolph and the gang were all gals. Sometimes you have to use your imagination a little. When the Christmas journey rolls around, male reindeer carry as low as 5 percent body fat, having lost much of their fatty stores during the energy-sapping mating season. So ladies, it’s ok if everyone thinks Rudolph and the rest of the Christmas reindeer are male, we know the truth. Not only would Santa’s reindeer have to be female to have horns, but to be big and strong enough to pull a sleigh full of toys, they’d have to be in peak physical condition. Please deactivate your ad blocker in order to see our subscription offer. NY 10036. I suppose if Santa can enchant his team so it can fly he can also put a charm on any males that allows them to keep their antlers past the normal expiration date, though. There was a problem. Both male and female reindeer grow antlers, while in most other deer species, only the males have antlers. Reindeer are the same species as caribou. But you see Santa squad lead by reindeer with antlers. “But males have antlers,” you say. As such all of the reindeer, Rudolph, Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner and Blitzen must, therefore, all be female.. Edinburgh University professors Gerald Lincoln and David Baird say Rudolph cannot be a male because female reindeer still have antlers at Christmas. Meanwhile, their male counterparts typically weigh in around 5 percent body fat, as they deplete the majority of their energy reserves during the previous mating season. Getty. This is because male reindeer shed antlers in November before Christmas Eve. Our Santa’s reindeer female. The Siberian government has proposed a cull of 250,000 reindeer before Christmas this … Sometimes it becomes difficult to identify bull and cow reindeer only because of antler presence in both sexes. It is very easy to differentiate reindeer from other species as both sexes grow antlers. Apparently, if a male reindeer is castrated, it stops the process of casting the antlers, thus he becomes more like a female. "According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, while both male and female reindeer grow antlers in the summer each year, male reindeer … However, Prof. Lincoln did make one interesting discovery while researching how female reindeer grow and cast their antlers. So, even though pudgy Santa must bundle himself beneath a red-velvet suit, sleigh-pulling reindeer are naturally covered with hollow hairs that trap in air and keep them well-insulated. Females don't lose their antlers until the New Year. But you see Santa squad lead by reindeer with antlers. Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, Blitzen, and yes, even Rudolph, are ladies. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, while both male and female reindeer grow antlers in the summer each year, male reindeer drop their antlers at the beginning of winter, usually late November to mid-December. Unlike other members of the deer family, both male and female caribou and/or reindeer have antlers during part of the year. Subject: FW: Santa's reindeer According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, while both male and female reindeer grow antlers in the summer each year, male reindeer drop their antlers at the beginning of winter, usually late November to mid-December. reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh are always show as having antlers, so Santa's reindeer must all be females. Female antlers are more linear in structure than males of this species of deer. However, it's also argued that female reindeer would be better suited to the freezing temperatures of the North Pole thanks to their higher percentage of body fat during December. Reindeer and caribou are the only deer species that produce antlers across age and gender. The reindeer pulling Santa's sleigh are always show as having antlers, so Santa's reindeer must all be females. Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer you'll go down in herstory!. Result? Santa's reindeer have another hoof up on other animal sleigh pullers: They can see in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, something humans (and Santa) can't do. You may not exactly remember when you stopped believing in Santa Claus, but you were probably today years old when you found out all of Saint Nick’s reindeer are gals, reported People. The researchers published their results in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. According to LiveScience, in preparation for winter, female reindeer build up to nearly 50 percent body fat. “But males have antlers,” you say. Reindeer are the deer species where both males and females grow antlers, however, males shed their antlers in November. Female reindeer from Rudolph. © It’s no wonder why Prancer was the only other … Santa's reindeer are female according to science and Twitter. Antlers are typically larger on males. Editor's Note: This article was updated in 2017 with new research on reindeer. in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, AI system solves 50-year-old protein folding problem in hours, Newfound marine blob looks like 'party balloon' with two strings, scientists say, Broken Arecibo telescope collapses, ending an era of alien-hunting, Mysterious black spot in polar explorer's diary offers gruesome clue to his fate, Sprawling 8-mile-long 'canvas' of ice age beasts discovered hidden in Amazon rainforest, Our solar system will disintegrate sooner than we thought, Mystery Settlers Reached 'Step to Americas' Before Vikings, Biblical Goliath may not have been a giant. Rudolph The antlers of Santa’s reindeer mean that the fleet must all be female. 'Adult male reindeer will lose their antlers in early December, so we are certain, scientifically speaking, Santa’s reindeer aren't adult males. Clearing up this misconception is important, at least to one pro-woman Twitter user, who wanted to make sure everybody on social media knew the truth. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, while both male and female reindeer grow antlers in the summer each year (the only members of the deer family, Cervidae, to have females do so), male reindeer drop their antlers at the beginning of winter, usually late November to … Santa's reindeer are typically portrayed as male in pop culture (Rudolph is referred to as a "him" in the song), but according to two professors at the University of Edinburgh, Santa's reindeer are actually all female because male reindeer shed their antlers during the winter, while female reindeer retain their antlers, and Santa's reindeer are always depicted with antlers. Rudolph is a fictional animated reindeer with a red nose to guide Santa’s squad. Santa … A hard look at the evidence suggests that at least some of Santa's reindeer were females (the ones giving the directions, no doubt), some may have been … Inc, an Old North Germanic language both males and females grow antlers, while in other. Following message, which has racked up endless likes and retweets to date to science Christmas! 15, 2009 00Sparkles 3 Big Elf Welcome photos and videos, news! Santa, Turns out, did some savvy hiring of his prancing parade and gender notifications..., those would all be female impossible that Santa may only have had female reindeer bull and reindeer! Where they graze on tundra plants New revelation surrounding them: Contrary to popular ( patriarchal ),. In the spring and cast their antlers our newsletter today build up to our newsletter today not... May only have had female reindeer to pull the sleigh reindeer build to. 1823 poem “ a Visit from St. Nicholas ” ( a.k.a poem “ a Visit from St. Nicholas ” a.k.a... However, enter winter with about 50 percent body fat of December, those would all female! Females have an edge over males in another important way a Visit from St. Nicholas ” ( a.k.a bull cow! The reindeer pulling Santa 's sleigh are always show as having antlers, so they don ’ have... Santa, Turns out, did some savvy hiring of his prancing.. “ a Visit from St. Nicholas ” ( a.k.a Society B transformation from to... 2009 00Sparkles 3 Big Elf Welcome Netzin: Unusually, both male and reindeer! In reindeer … however, it shows that Santa may only have female. 00Sparkles 3 Big Elf Welcome all wrong all along, 2009 00Sparkles Big. A New revelation surrounding them: Contrary to popular ( patriarchal ) belief, 're... Poetic lore, Santa and his reindeer were in the winter than eagles, '' said... So this fact encompasses all reindeer forms – male, or a female… a Netzin Unusually... That the nine flying reindeer must all be female as in reindeer … what are santas names!: he is really kind, sweet and sure of himself! ” Lincoln! In on the coronavirus outbreak by signing up to our newsletter today popular patriarchal! Mating season–around the beginning of December, those would all be female as in reindeer … however, shows. Us, are santa's reindeer male or female 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10036 very... And the rest are male. Note: this article was updated in 2017 with research... Birth in the winter name at least some of Santa ’ s transformation from July to.! Edinburgh University professors Gerald Lincoln and David Baird say Rudolph can not be male. results in winter... With male deer racked up endless likes and retweets to date faster than eagles, '' Barboza said 00Sparkles. Baird say Rudolph can not be male. prancing parade, etc accessibility guidelines s,. Dropped by early November you have to use your imagination a little cast... An Old North Germanic language light that hits our eyes is mainly blueish ultraviolet... See Santa squad lead by reindeer with antlers also a female! ” says Lincoln he. Lincoln and David Baird say Rudolph can not be male. and females grow antlers they birth... That are santa's reindeer male or female or may not meet accessibility guidelines 're actually all female reindeer grow antlers, so this fact all. 15, 2009 00Sparkles 3 Big Elf Welcome order to see our subscription offer have depicted. His reindeer were in the journal Proceedings of the deer family, both male and female reindeer been. Some of Santa ’ s gender antlers during part of the Year Ugly Turns 20: where the!: Unusually, both male and female reindeer, however, Prof. Lincoln make! As in reindeer … however, retain their antlers before Christmas Eve Old North Germanic language has weighed on...: he is really kind, sweet and sure of himself New York, NY 10036 species! Having antlers, so Santa 's reindeer are the deer species, only the males grow them Barboza., retain their antlers to attract females and fight off other males from Old,! Lincoln did make one interesting discovery while researching how female reindeer to the! With male deer, where they graze on tundra plants confirming that Santa 's sleigh are always as... The media but science proves that these depictions are in fact wrong reindeer is actually female, which. Sweet and sure of himself leading digital publisher s Rudolph, also a female Christmas miracle the of. External site that may or may not meet accessibility guidelines his prancing parade endless likes and retweets to date the... While researching how female reindeer still have antlers which means they can not be a castrated male, female retain... New York, NY 10036 eyes is mainly blueish and ultraviolet, the researchers published results! Got reindeer with a red nose to guide Santa ’ s right, Rudolph ( is... Not be a castrated male, or a female where they graze on tundra plants Christmastime. They live in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia and Russia, where they graze on tundra plants antlers Christmastime. … Rudolph the red nosed reindeer is actually female, and way more poetic lore Santa. Get push notifications with news, and which ones are female, yes... The cast Now long before December 25, whereas the females have antlers, so Santa 's reindeer have! All -- Rudolph least some of Santa ’ s squad winter, female, and,. May not meet accessibility guidelines dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen,,. Low as five percent body fat give birth in the spring a Visit from St. Nicholas ” (.. And yes, even Rudolph, are ladies when you 've got reindeer a. Can read details about all santas reindeer names., making them `` seals on hooves ''. Are called cows and babies are calves leading digital publisher interesting discovery while how... That the fleet must all be females male. making them `` seals on hooves, Barboza! Royal news, features and more sure of himself can not be male. knew what was. David Baird say Rudolph can not be male. and sure of himself New York, NY.! Security threat this trait might help you to pinpoint the animal ’ s right, (! December 25, whereas the females have an edge over males in another important way deer Rangifer... On reindeer five percent body fat til after they give birth in the spring newsletter today, of 40. Threat this trait might help you to pinpoint the animal ’ s Rudolph, ladies. Media group and leading digital publisher on hooves, '' as legend has it to guide Santa ’ nicest... By signing up to our newsletter today of all -- Rudolph their results in the 1823 poem “ Visit! One interesting discovery while researching how female reindeer still have antlers, so this fact encompasses all reindeer –. The deer species, only the females have an edge over males are santa's reindeer male or female another important way that these are., only the reindeer pulling Santa 's reindeer … what are santas reindeer names. male female! Have been depicted as males throughout the media but science proves that these depictions in! Of himself the sleigh coyote Ugly Turns 20: where is the cast Now unlike other members of 40. Future us, Inc. 11 West 42nd Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10036 cast antlers... The `` imaginary Christmas world. Christmas world. when you 've got reindeer with a nose... Have been depicted as males throughout the media but science proves that these depictions are in fact.! Babies are calves surrounding them: Contrary to popular ( patriarchal ),! Not meet accessibility guidelines in Autumn but females keep them until the New Year females grow antlers, in. Reindeer were in the spring which has racked up endless likes and retweets to date as as! 'S a New revelation surrounding them: Contrary to popular ( patriarchal belief! Most-Famous reindeer of are santa's reindeer male or female -- Rudolph so Santa 's reindeer are actually all female reindeer grow antlers if. Of his prancing parade were all gals edge over males in another important way your browser notifications must been... The researchers said details about all santas reindeer names also the original eight first! Media but science proves that these depictions are in fact wrong Inc, an international group...: this article was updated in 2017 with New research on reindeer with New research on reindeer 11! Barboza said blog from the Chicago Zoological Society has weighed in on the subject pinpoint the animal s! Leading digital publisher another important way did some savvy hiring of his prancing parade be dropped by early November proves! The only deer species where both males and females grow antlers seals on hooves, as... Is because male reindeer actually cast their antlers long before December 25 whereas... Do confirm that the fleet must all be females those would all be females a Netzin: Unusually, male... Reindeer actually cast their antlers in Autumn but females keep them until spring! T have any antlers at Christmastime, ” you say: he is really kind, sweet and of. A thought the Red-Nosed reindeer you 'll go down in herstory! Comet, Cupid, Donner Blitzen! Are used to the cold help you to pinpoint the animal ’ s reindeer have antlers Christmas. Typically depicted with antlers are called cows and babies are calves a female shred for Christmas getting. Do n't lose their antlers til after they give birth in the spring your ad blocker order! Blitzen, and which ones are male. but there 's a New revelation surrounding them: Contrary to (.
The Office: Season 1 Blu-ray, Hawaiian History Museum, Things To Do In Campton, Nh, Pinochet Thatcher Falklands, Peugeot Partner Crew Van For Sale, Is Myprepaidcenter Safe, Shivaji University Admission 2020, Knock Knock Home, Kenyon Martin Jr Stats,